The reform of the International Monetary System (IMS) has been selected by the French presidency of the G20 as its main priority for the Cannes summit in November. This raises two questions: first, is the issue worth the time and energy officials will devote to it? Second, what can these discussions lead to?
When president Sarkozy announced his aim a year ago, most observers expected that at end 2011 the world economy would be cruising at a comfortable speed. The macroeconomy would, so to speak, be taking care of itself. At the same time, burgeoning controversies about ‘currency wars’ suggested that the international monetary discussion was a very necessary one. One year on, unfortunately, other urgent matters call for attention: with the flagging global recovery and the mounting debt crisis on everybody’s mind, longer-term monetary reform is likely to look a distraction.
A case can, however, be made for keeping discussions on the issue active. Indeed, several of the economic failings of recent years can be traced back to deficiencies in the global monetary system. Excess global liquidity; the overaccumulation of dollar-denominated reserve assets; the very uneven policy response to current-account surpluses and deficits; resistance to necessary exchange-rate adjustments in the emerging world; and the coexistence at global level of inflation and deflation, to name but a few recent phenomena, are all in some way manifestations of the same international monetary deficiencies. Addressing these deficiencies would perhaps not solve today’s economic woes, but it would help limit the build-up of new problems and it would provide guidance as regards the avenues for alleviating today’s concerns.
This is where the second question comes in. France has paradoxically been cautious neither to make clear which problems global monetary reform is expected to solve, nor to propose a grand plan for it. Rather, it has taken topics one by one and has sought to reach consensus separately on each individual dossier. Discussions within the G20 are evolving around the completion of efforts undertaken by the 2010 Korean presidency to strengthen multilateral schemes for liquidity provision in times of crisis; the strengthening of multilateral surveillance and the search for consensus on the desirable use of capital controls; and preparations for a change in the composition of the basket of Special Drawing Rights, a unit of account used by the IMF that was at its origin expected to evolve into a global store of value.
This piecemeal approach is politically savvy but analytically perplexing, as it does not give any clues as to the big picture. The dots are there, but it is hard to see how to connect them. Since the IMS has experienced few changes in historical terms, efforts to revamp the system should rather be considered as small steps in what is bound to be a long march. Whether small steps are appropriate should be assessed in the light of a longer-run perspective covering at least the next ten to fifteen years.
The most probable scenario at this horizon is a multipolar one that would see, in addition to the US dollar, the emergence of one or several key international currencies. For this role, the euro and the renminbi can be viewed as prime candidates. Each currently has severe shortcomings and it cannot be excluded that only one of these currencies accedes international currency status – nor that other currencies emerge, though at a significantly longer-term horizon. But the economic logic is unambiguously in the direction of multipolarity.
To the extent that it would imply free capital mobility and exchange-rate flexibility between the different poles as well as, in each region concerned, the development of a liquid market for benchmark bonds, such an evolution of the IMS would be positive. However, the stability of a genuinely multipolar system cannot be taken for granted. It will imply each of the monetary poles agreeing to depart from purely domestic priorities and stand ready to fulfil its international duties in quiet times as well as in times of crisis.
Such preconditions are clearly not met today by the main economic and currency blocs, albeit for different reasons. China has already taken significant but incomplete steps in the direction of currency internationalisation. Furthermore its policy system remains very domestically centred. The euro area is currently under severe stress. It could possibly strengthen as a consequence of its current crisis, but to play a significant international role it will have to depart from its traditionally neutral stance towards the internationalisation of the currency. And as far as the United States is concerned, it is not yet willing to accept full responsibility for the international repercussions of its macroeconomic actions.
If the IMS is actually moving towards multipolarity in the medium run, the role of international coordination is to accompany this market-based movement so as to reap the full benefits of it and attenuate the risks involved. The discussions surrounding the enlargement of the SDR basket (through the inclusion of the renminbi) and about the coordination of bilateral swap arrangements should be understood in this perspective.
Does this exclude a multilateral system organised around a quasi-global currency and the centralised management of global liquidity? In the short run, the conditions for this scenario to materialise are not met, not least because no large country is ready to deviate from domestic priorities. In the future, however, such a scenario might return to the fore, for instance in the event of another global crisis. A truly multilateral system remains a possible outcome, but not the most likely one.
These broad perspectives are not likely to be discussed in Cannes. This is perhaps unavoidable, because the leaders have to focus on what they can actually deliver. At the same it would be much preferable to leave the technicalities of the SDR basket and liquidity provision schemes to the finance ministers, and to let the heads of state and government discuss the issue for which they are indispensable: the politics of global currency reform.
This column for Century Weekly (Caixin) and Project Syndicate, published on september 2011, draws on a recent report I recently co-authored entitled Global currencies for tomorrow (Bruegel and CEPII, 2011).